Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Deviation A process condition outside of established design limits, safe operating limits, or standard operating procedures. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Human Reliability Analysis (HRA) A structured approach used to identify potential human failure events and to systematically estimate the probability of those events using data, models, or expert judgment. Human Factor Analyses provide qualitative insight to the human factors issues related to the error, and also provide a more accurate quantitative assessment than is found in standard LOPA tables for human performance credits. The ability to model conditional dependence among operator tasks, as well as model potential human recovery factors from errors, makes the HRA a valuable tool. For a typical HRA, a standard operating procedure (SOP) is broken down into discrete tasks. Interviews with Operations are conducted, known as a ""talk-through,"" as well as a plant ""walk-through"" which covers the equipment of concern from the SOP. PSFs (Performance Shaping Factors) related to each task are discovered. Dependencies among tasks are estimated. Each of these will influence the HEP (Human Error Probability) for each task. Each task is to be modelled as a success or failure. An HRA Event Tree is constructed, each identified task being a branch in the tree, and then solved; the output of which is typically an input to a QRA. aeSolutions has the Human Factors Reliability Experts to handle this task. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health (IDLH) Immediately dangerous to life or health (IDLH) means an atmospheric concentration of any toxic, corrosive or asphyxiant substance that poses an immediate threat to life or would cause irreversible or delayed adverse health effects or would interfere with an individual's ability to escape from a dangerous atmosphere. IDLH concentrations are considered for endpoint distances during facility siting studies or consequence modeling conducted by aeSolutions' experienced modelers. Modeling helps companies identify the flammable and/or toxic consequences and impacts to receptors due to a chemical release. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practice (RAGAGEP) Basis for engineering, operation, or maintenance activities and are themselves based on established codes, standards, published technical reports, or recommended practices or similar documents. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Alarm Rationalization Alarm Rationalization is the process of optimizing alarms at a facility, inhibiting alarm floods, and ensuring alarms perform their function as intended. Both IEC 62682 and ISA/ANSI 18.2 define the requirements for a sustainable Alarm Management Lifecycle. One of the most resource intensive steps in this lifecycle is the documentation and rationalization of potential alarms. aeSolutions' integrated approach can supply expertise for all stages of the alarm management lifecycle specializing in: - Philosophy development - Gap assessment of current alarm philosophy - Alarm management and rationalization training - Facilitation of alarm rationalizations - Including our alarm rationalization tool, aeAlarm™​ - Alarm management program gap assessment Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Quantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) A Quantitative Risk Assessment is a systematic approach to determining the likelihood and consequences of hazardous events and expressing the results quantitatively as risk to personnel, the site being studied, the overall environment, and/or a company. Risk is a function of consequence and likelihood and aeSolutions has the experience and tools to evaluate both for a QRA. A QRA is a specialized approach to assess high consequence LOPA scenarios with large risk gaps to close. Further "pencil-sharpening" in the QRA will verify the severity of the scenario through consequence modeling, as well as the frequency of the scenario through fault tree modelling. Often conservative assumptions made in LOPA are revealed in QRA, which makes the solution to gap closure more practical. QRA will handle conditional dependence among IPL(s) and the initiating cause(s). aeSolutions utilizes commercially available software tools, along with in-house expertise, to facilitate QRAs. For example we can use the PHAST and SAFETI software to model chemical releases in evaluating consequences of an incident. QRA can be a valuable decision support tool when evaluating complex hazard scenarios. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Safeguard Any device, system, or action that either interrupts the chain of events following an initiating event or that mitigates the consequences. Not all safeguards meet the requirements of an IPL. Safeguards are considered during Process Hazard Analyses (PHAs) conducted by aeSolutions' trained facilitators. PHAs help companies identify hazard scenarios that could lead to a release of highly hazardous chemicals that can cause negative impact on people, the environment, and property. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Hardware Fault Tolerance Levels of Hardware Fault Tolerance (HFT) are established in functional safety standards IEC 61508 and IEC 61511, as the ability of a component or subsystem to continue to be able to undertake the required safety instrumented function in the presence of one or more dangerous faults in hardware. A hardware fault tolerance of 1 means that there are, for example, two devices and the architecture is such that the dangerous failure of one of the two components or subsystems does not prevent the safety action from occurring. In other words, HFT allows a safety system to let the process continue even with a designated failure in the hardware. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Calculations A calculation performed to determine the Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) of a required SIF. SIL calcs are based on failure rate data for the SIF components (i.e., sensors, logic solvers, and control elements) and accounts for factors such as test frequency, redundancy, voting arrangements, etc. The Risk Reduction Factor (RRF) is simply the inverse of PFD (RRF = 1/PFD) and is used to establish the associated SIL rating required to reduce the hazard risk to an acceptable risk tolerance level. Over-specification of devices to be used in a SIF is not uncommon because it is a SAFETY Instrumented Function. However, over-specification does not necessarily improve safety significantly and can reduce the resources available for overall safety. aeSolutions can help you identify the best devices to use in SIFs and assist you in the purchasing process. Our Services Case Study in Navigating Tight Schedules and Supply Chain Challenges in SI and BMS The strategies and insights gained from overcoming these challenges offered valuable lessons for future similar projects.The ability to asse Evolution of Fired Equipment Protective Systems in the Chemical Sector Several years ago, aeSolutions started our fired equipment business. This business is focused on safeguarding burners and furnaces,... aeSolutions to Bring New FM-Approved FGS Product, the FGS 5000, to Market in Summer of 2024 Built on Rockwell Automation’s ControlLogix platform - Release of the new product is planned for summer of 2024 awaiting FM approval. This

Project Success Stories Learn how aeSolutions was able to help our clients overcome their challenges. Alarm Management for a Greenfield LNG Facility A Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) facility was being newly constructed (i.e., Greenfield) and the company wanted to conduct an alarm rationalization on the process prior to initial startup. Existing facilities (i.e., Brownfield) have the benefit of historical operating trends and data during a rationalization session to recognize whether setpoints are effective and which alarms might give troubles. Read More Alarm System Rationalization and Safe Operating Limit for Energy Production A current client was adding a new energy production unit with an innovative process to an existing site and wanted to ensure the new design incorporated the site’s existing alarm management practices that were previously set up by the aeSolutions alarm management team. Read More Complex Hot Cutover of Large Natural Gas Processing Facilities Due to facility siting factors, control rooms of one of the world’s largest natural gas (NG) processing and compression facilities were relocated from a possible blast zone to a Blast Resistant Modules (BRMs). This complex cutover for personnel relocation needed to be accomplished without a shutdown (S/D) of either interdependent ... Read More Energy Company Reduces Regulatory Compliance Costs Saving Almost $50 Million A client was facing a lengthy compliance process to upgrade a fleet of fired heaters. With aeSolutions guidance, the client reduced their compliance scope by 50%. Focusing on the NFPA 86 prescriptive design applicable to waste gas thermal oxidizers and applying our experience in Process Safety Management (PSM)... Read More Large Specialty Chemical Company Reduces Alarm Floods A large specialty chemical company was facing alarm floods in their utility unit. With aeSolutions guidance, the site was able to effectively prioritize and reduce alarms through the rationalization process, which includes reviewing, validating, and justifying alarms needed for avoiding potential process upsets or abnormal deviations from normal operation. Read More Pharma Company Detecting Natural Gas Leaks in Boiler House A pharmaceutical client determined they needed a natural gas leak detection and isolation system for a utility building based on a PHA recommendation. aeSolutions installed a combustible gas leak detection system to shut off the gas supply to the boiler, bringing the facility into compliance with the safety program requirements. Read More Pharmaceutical Company Required Toxic & Combustible Gas Detection System A large-scale pharmaceutical manufacturing facility needed to develop and implement a gas detection system at their site to mitigate risk to personnel and equipment from a potential combustible or toxic gas leak. The project progressed from the assessment stages of developing a gas detection philosophy to ultimately integrating an industrially designed GDS 1400 MK II panel for the gas detection control and alarm system. Read More Protecting Personnel with Practical Gas Detector Placement A pharmaceutical company needed to implement gas detectors at their facility to protect personnel from potential leaks of toxic and combustible gases. aeSolutions evaluated the gas detector placement and number of detectors that would provide the earliest warning to personnel based on the expected dispersion and behavior of specific gas release scenarios. Read More Simplified, Cost-Effective, and Consistent Acidic Compound Detection New acid detector placement philosophy led to reduced maintenance , lowered costs, a reduced the likelihood of confusion during leaks, and helped create a uniform response strategy. Read More Specialty Chemical Site’s Increasingly Complicated Cutover When a project that began with standard safety system upgrades quickly expanded to a much broader scope of engineering with tight deadlines, aeSolutions responded with an experienced engineering workforce to deliver above-quality expectations while meeting key deadlines. Read More Water Cannons Protect Community from Anhydrous Ammonia Leaks Client needed to reduce liability and risk associated with anhydrous ammonia storage tanks. aeSolutions provided a leak detection and suppression system that alerts personnel and provides the means to contain the resulting vapor cloud to the storage tank area using high-pressure, high-volume water cannons integrated with the control system. Read More “Fit for Purpose” Solution Reduces Planned Downtime by 66% aeSolutions’ hybrid safety system design enabled the client to maintain safe continuity of their fired equipment, meet NFPA compliance, and significantly lower planned downtime. Read More