NFPA 87 is the standard from the National Fire Protection Association that provides safety guidance for fluid heaters and related equipment to minimized fire and explosion hazards that can endanger the equipment, building, or personnel. A piece of equipment is considered to be a fluid heater if it includes any of the following features: fluid is flowing under pressure, fluid is indirectly heated, and/or a release of energy from combustion of a fuel or an electrical source occurs within the unit. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions NFPA 87 NFPA 87 is the standard from the National Fire Protection Association that provides safety guidance for fluid heaters and related equipment to minimized fire and explosion hazards that can endanger the equipment, building, or personnel. A piece of equipment is considered to be a fluid heater if it includes any of the following features: fluid is flowing under pressure, fluid is indirectly heated, and/or a release of energy from combustion of a fuel or an electrical source occurs within the unit. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

An organization that implemented Section 112(r) of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments and requires facilities that use extremely hazardous substances to develop a Risk Management Plan (RMP) per 40 CFR 68.150 to 68.185. aeSolutions has the knowledge and experience to assist with all elements of RMP development and implementation required by the EPA RMP Standard, 40 CFR 68, from high level gap and applicability assessments to complete RMP site program development, including drafting procedures and creating mechanical integrity programs. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) An organization that implemented Section 112(r) of the 1990 Clean Air Act amendments and requires facilities that use extremely hazardous substances to develop a Risk Management Plan (RMP) per 40 CFR 68.150 to 68.185. aeSolutions has the knowledge and experience to assist with all elements of RMP development and implementation required by the EPA RMP Standard, 40 CFR 68, from high level gap and applicability assessments to complete RMP site program development, including drafting procedures and creating mechanical integrity programs. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

The probability that a system will fail to perform a specified function on demand (i.e., when challenged or needed). Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) are assigned a PFD based on industry or site-specific data. Refer to Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Calculations and Risk Reduction Factor definition. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Probability of Failure on Demand (PFD) The probability that a system will fail to perform a specified function on demand (i.e., when challenged or needed). Independent Protection Layers (IPLs) are assigned a PFD based on industry or site-specific data. Refer to Safety Integrity Level (SIL) Calculations and Risk Reduction Factor definition. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

Software and hardware that allows human operators to monitor the state of a process under control, modify control settings to change the control objective, and manually override automatic control operations in the event of an emergency. The HMI also allows a control engineer or operator to configure set points or control algorithms and parameters in the controller. The HMI also displays process status information, historical information, reports, and other information to operators, administrators, managers, business partners, and other authorized users. Operators and engineers use HMIs to monitor and configure set points, control algorithms, send commands, and adjust and establish parameters in the controller. aeSolutions designs and configures human machine interfaces for control and safety systems. HMI varieties range from DCS vendors' hefty client-server systems to small touch screens engineered with special purpose panels. aeSolutions also develops alarm management philosophies which include HMI design guidance; a facility's various alarms and alert states are properly managed and prioritized to help operators maintain situational awareness. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Human Machine Interface (HMI) Software and hardware that allows human operators to monitor the state of a process under control, modify control settings to change the control objective, and manually override automatic control operations in the event of an emergency. The HMI also allows a control engineer or operator to configure set points or control algorithms and parameters in the controller. The HMI also displays process status information, historical information, reports, and other information to operators, administrators, managers, business partners, and other authorized users. Operators and engineers use HMIs to monitor and configure set points, control algorithms, send commands, and adjust and establish parameters in the controller. aeSolutions designs and configures human machine interfaces for control and safety systems. HMI varieties range from DCS vendors' hefty client-server systems to small touch screens engineered with special purpose panels. aeSolutions also develops alarm management philosophies which include HMI design guidance; a facility's various alarms and alert states are properly managed and prioritized to help operators maintain situational awareness. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

To (dis)connect wires. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions (De)terminate To (dis)connect wires. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a structured approach to determining the most effective maintenance strategies for a system or equipment. RCM focuses on maintaining system functionality and preventing failures based on reliability data and analysis. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM) is a structured approach to determining the most effective maintenance strategies for a system or equipment. RCM focuses on maintaining system functionality and preventing failures based on reliability data and analysis. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

The architecture or voting arrangment used in the field instrument or final control element of a safety instrumented system (SIS) to reach a certain safety integrity level (SIL). Voting logics include one-out-of-one (1oo1), 1oo2, 2oo2, 2oo3, etc. For example, a 2oo2 voting logic indicates there are two protective devices/instruments in a system and both devices (two-out-of-two) are needed to properly shut down the system or mitigate the hazard. 1oo2 indicates that only one of the devices would be required to properly prevent the situation from occurring. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Voting Logic The architecture or voting arrangment used in the field instrument or final control element of a safety instrumented system (SIS) to reach a certain safety integrity level (SIL). Voting logics include one-out-of-one (1oo1), 1oo2, 2oo2, 2oo3, etc. For example, a 2oo2 voting logic indicates there are two protective devices/instruments in a system and both devices (two-out-of-two) are needed to properly shut down the system or mitigate the hazard. 1oo2 indicates that only one of the devices would be required to properly prevent the situation from occurring. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

The Risk Reduction Factor (RRF) is the inverse of PFD (RRF = 1/PFD) and is used to establish the associated Safety Integrity Level (SIL) rating required for a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) to reduce the hazard risk to an acceptable risk tolerance level. Once a Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) has been completed and Independent Protection Layers (IPL) have been applied, any SIF that serves as an IPL must have an established RRF. Over-specification of devices to be used in a SIF is not uncommon because it is a SAFETY Instrumented Function. However, over-specification does not necessarily improve safety significantly and can reduce the resources available for overall safety. aeSolutions can help you identify the best devices to use in SIFs and assist you in the purchasing process. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Risk Reduction Factor (RRF) The Risk Reduction Factor (RRF) is the inverse of PFD (RRF = 1/PFD) and is used to establish the associated Safety Integrity Level (SIL) rating required for a Safety Instrumented Function (SIF) to reduce the hazard risk to an acceptable risk tolerance level. Once a Process Hazard Analysis (PHA) has been completed and Independent Protection Layers (IPL) have been applied, any SIF that serves as an IPL must have an established RRF. Over-specification of devices to be used in a SIF is not uncommon because it is a SAFETY Instrumented Function. However, over-specification does not necessarily improve safety significantly and can reduce the resources available for overall safety. aeSolutions can help you identify the best devices to use in SIFs and assist you in the purchasing process. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

Simultaneous occurrence of two or more independent, revealed (overt) failures in a system. Double jeopardy is considered during Process Hazard Analyses (PHAs) conducted by aeSolutions' trained facilitators. PHAs help companies identify hazard scenarios that could lead to a release of highly hazardous chemicals that can cause negative impact on people, the environment, and property. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Double Jeopardy Simultaneous occurrence of two or more independent, revealed (overt) failures in a system. Double jeopardy is considered during Process Hazard Analyses (PHAs) conducted by aeSolutions' trained facilitators. PHAs help companies identify hazard scenarios that could lead to a release of highly hazardous chemicals that can cause negative impact on people, the environment, and property. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

Human factors is a common term given to the widely-recognized discipline of addressing interactions in the work environment between people, a facility, and its management systems. Human factors focuses on interface of people with the process and its impact on system operation, identifying factors that increase the likelihood of human error (due to stress, overload, inadequate or lack of a training, ambiguity of PSI documentation, etc.). Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Human Factors Human factors is a common term given to the widely-recognized discipline of addressing interactions in the work environment between people, a facility, and its management systems. Human factors focuses on interface of people with the process and its impact on system operation, identifying factors that increase the likelihood of human error (due to stress, overload, inadequate or lack of a training, ambiguity of PSI documentation, etc.). Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

The integration of diverse control systems (e.g., BPCS, SIS, ESD, F&G, etc.) into a unified system; this includes interfacing hardware, software, and services from multiple vendors and client stakeholders to improve quality and performance and add value (e.g., reducing operational costs and improving response time). aeSolutions' controls experts design complete construction and panel packages which interface the existing facility controls with the new controls systems. aeSolutions orchestrates the system integration model by providing the Automaton Support Matrix and Schedule documents which coordinate resources and personnel throughout the project execution phase. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions Systems Integration The integration of diverse control systems (e.g., BPCS, SIS, ESD, F&G, etc.) into a unified system; this includes interfacing hardware, software, and services from multiple vendors and client stakeholders to improve quality and performance and add value (e.g., reducing operational costs and improving response time). aeSolutions' controls experts design complete construction and panel packages which interface the existing facility controls with the new controls systems. aeSolutions orchestrates the system integration model by providing the Automaton Support Matrix and Schedule documents which coordinate resources and personnel throughout the project execution phase. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.

A project management process during early stages of a project designed to minimize risk for investors and other stakeholders by developing adequate project definition & scope. aeSolutions uses front end loading in multiple types of projects. We invite you explore our service types to learn more. Acronyms & Terms Glossary <- More Definitions What is front end loading A project management process during early stages of a project designed to minimize risk for investors and other stakeholders by developing adequate project definition & scope. aeSolutions uses front end loading in multiple types of projects. We invite you explore our service types to learn more. Our Services Whitepaper: The Courage to Intervene | Developing Ethical Leadership in the Next Generation of Process Safety Professionals As the process industries experience the “great shift change,” developing the next generation of leaders requires more than technical competence. It demands ethical courage and the ability to influence others to uphold process safety under pressure. This paper explores how ethical decision-making and leadership behaviors can be intentionally developed through structured case-based learning derived from real engineering failures. aeSolutions Recognized with 2026 CSIA Social Responsibility Award aeSolutions is proud to share that we were recognized with the 2026 Social Responsibility Award at the 2026 CSIA Awards, held during the Control System Integrators Association Conference in Baltimore, Maryland. Whitepaper: Six Feet Under | How to Dig Yourself Out of a Recommendations Graveyard Have you felt buried under six feet of safety study recommendations that must be closed? Does it feel impossible to follow Recognized and Generally Accepted Good Engineering Practices (RAGAGEPs) to convert recommendations into engineered design reality? You are not alone.