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Updated April 2026 - Those who work in high hazard industries are familiar with the OSHA Process Safety Management (PSM) requirements for routine Process Hazard Analyses (PHA) for their processes. Hazard and Operability (HAZOP) and Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) are recognized methods for PHA. LOPA is widely used as a semi-quantitative method to identify, assess, and improve the most effective safeguards for higher consequence scenarios identified in a qualitative

Functional safety engineers follow the ISA/IEC 61511 standard and perform calculations based on random hardware failures. These result in...

The benefit of such studies is that it’s easier and less expensive to make necessary changes to systems while the design is still on paper.

Updated November 2024 — Layer of Protection Analysis (LOPA) has become an i mportant tool used in industry, often in conjunction with...